The purpose of which job is to examine the effect regarding reproduce and you will ages for the eggs design in addition to eggs external and inner top quality inside the five Italian twin-mission types , in the beginning and some days afterwards than simply first months laying activity that occurred, correspondingly, after summer/beginning of autumn along with cold weather, lower than changeable ecological criteria.
2.1. Pets and you can Rearing Requirements
Four Italian poultry breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and Robusta Lionata (RL), was basically believed toward studies. One’s body pounds out of adult ladies is actually 1.twenty-five kilogram during the PP, 2.29 kilogram for the Emergency room and you may step 3.05 kg into the RM and you can RL. Its supply is the Veneto part (Italy): PP try a vintage local reproduce; its source was old back again to the XIX century, however, no specific data to the its hereditary source can be found. One other breeds are manufactured in the Veneto within the 1950s: the fresh Er reproduce arises from Sussex (shaded eggshell reproduce) and you may Rhode Island (brownish eggshell reproduce) breeds, whereas towards RM and you will RL types, Brownish Orpington and you may Light America, a few brownish eggshell types were used . Plus the adult pounds, such types differ inside their plumage the color: it’s wonderful in PP, Emergency room shows erminate plumage, RM plumage try predominantly white that have black extremities in many nations of your own human body, black colored feathers of primaries and you will tail and you can RL reveals good tawny plumage with black colored feathers out-of primaries and you will tail. All the types (Shape S1) inform you solitary comb and place tinted eggshell eggs (Contour S2).
dos. Information and methods
Birds off per breed hatched meanwhile (last half of age ranch of your Heart to own Poultry Biodiversity Conservation from the Veneto part (it consistently offers up the new rearing of these types as well are you aware that eggs development to possess incubation and you can brooding), within the North Italy (45°02?53? N), off hatching on the pubertal age and you will regarding laying months, which come on prevent from summer to the beginning of fall (Profile step one), with respect to the reproduce. Serving, rearing criteria (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis actions was a comparable toward four types, since away from hatching into the prevent of your own analyzed several months, that has been in , on 53 weeks of age. The new freshly hatched chicks were left indoors in the basic cuatro weeks from life, within an ecological temperatures decreasing out-of thirty-two so you’re able to 24 °C, around infra-reddish rays lights, to your litter. From the step one.5 months old, this new birds received 100 % free entry to outdoor areas, regarding spring so you can fall and you can cold weather. Each reproduce (sixty hens) had free entry to outside (5 yards 2 /bird) space (armed with linear drinkers), where in actuality the hens lived all day, in order to interior (4 hens/yards 2 ) place (timber shavings and you can straw litter, having perches and circular feeders), mainly utilized to own putting egg (cumulative nests) and also at evening; the bedroom (indoor and you can outside) accessible to each breed was split up of the netting.
At the start of putting (at about twenty two months of age with the breed which have earlier onset of laying), into the Sep–October, according to the breed, new photoperiod was absolute and you can coming down, according to 12 months together with geographic standing of the trial station in North Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and for the 2nd months (of 38 weeks of age, off December so you can 53 months of age), fake white are slowly increased (inside indoor place, incandescent light bulb, from the sixty lux) discover an effective photoperiod out-of 14L:10D. The brand new photoperiod try regulated by the a timer, and it also are achieved by flipping on the latest white one hour prior to dawn and turning off they an hour or so just after sundown. The brand new outside ecological temperatures is 10 ± 3.cuatro °C and 11 ± step three.0 °C, correspondingly, on the earliest (from the beginning off October to the end from November) while the 2nd (from the beginning https://lovingwomen.org/sv/asiandate-recension/ regarding January for the end out-of February) installing symptoms, if investigation for the yield abilities and egg top quality was indeed amassed. The new dogs got advertising libitum commercial feeds centered on their physiological phase (three diversified commercial feeds when you look at the growing months). Towards the very first putting stage (26–33 months old, under decreasing pure photoperiod), in the event that types started laying, the wild birds were given a professional pelleted supply (PG = 16%, Me = 11.8 MJ/kilogram, Ca = 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you may maize (PG = 9.1%, Me personally = 13.eight MJ/kg), in the a ratio of just one:step one. It’s well worth recalling one to, at that years, just the dual-objective and tinted eggshell breeds presented an adjustable start of installing and you will eggs development speed, while the latest hens of the other kinds of the newest Preservation Center to possess Biodiversity and you may hatched at the same time of your learnt types, like the white eggshell breeds, didn’t initiate installing (Padovana reproduce) otherwise they demonstrated a very scant putting activity (Polverara reproduce), never achieving the threshold from ten% hen–time egg design. The reason for the choice of the Maintenance Centre, not to explore a rss to have installing hens throughout the this period, is on account of not forcing the fresh pullets so you can egg creation during the a season which have coming down heat and you may photoperiod. The fresh new birds became outdoors, significantly less than beneficial standards for skeletal fitness, perambulating crushed and you may around solar power radiation. In the outdoor area for every single reproduce, the current presence of turf offered to the brand new wild birds was highest throughout this new expanding months than from the start of installing, and therefore occurred pursuing the summer season, if precipitation are scarce and failed to accommodate a beneficial turf regrowth. Away from 38 to help you 53 weeks old, and not as much as broadening photoperiod, brand new hens was indeed provided a commercial pelleted feed getting putting (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.5 MJ/kilogram, Ca = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Every nourishes consisted generally away from maize and you may soybean.